Animal Totems and Guides - 672 Words

Animal Totems Guides Animal totems and guides may present for long or short periods of time and are directly connected to what is presenting your life and/or what lessons are meant for you now. Tune into whether or not the relationship with your animal totem is meant for a number of days or years. Let this powerful animal relationship lead you forward in terms of new knowledge or awareness about your core traits. Animal totems might be presenting to teach you through emotional aspects such as strength, patience, insecurity, fear, confidence or anger. In short, animal totems help us to learn about our ultimate truths in life. They may present in your meditative space and/or your dream space bringing much-needed lessons. It is also common that animal totems are a spiritual tool for you. I.e., when you see this animal it is your spiritual reminder to Ground. The time frame in which a particular animal totem is in your life directly correlates with how well you recognize, learn and then incorporate the knowl edge into your life. Be mindful that your animal totem/s (and we do have more than one) have chosen you! They will present when you are fully and completely ready to accept and realize the lessons in their coming. Most often, your animal totems are wild animals as opposed to domesticated. This is not always the case but often is. Use your gift of Claircognizance (clear knowing) to discern this. Your will know there is a higher knowing message for you when the animalShow MoreRelatedWhat I Learned About The Flute Was So Special1154 Words   |  5 Pagestell stories using animals as the main character. I made this assumption before even looking up the actual reasoning. I then found a quote from Sitting Bull explaining that â€Å"every seed is awakened and so is all animal life. It is through this mysterious power that we too have our being and we therefore yield to our animal neighbors the same right as ourselves, to inhabit this land†. Their thinking may include that because we are all connected , it is easy for us to relate to animals. It is also veryRead MoreSummary Of Sigmund Freuds Totem And Taboo1239 Words   |  5 PagesIn the book, Totem and Taboo by Sigmund Freud, Freud focuses on the commonly acknowledged cultural taboo against incest and studies how it structures primitive societies. He speculates on his concept of the Oedipal Complex and how it affects society as a whole. He wishes to establish a connection between the Oedipal Complex and the phenomenon of conscience, which involves the sense of a moral code governing our lives and our sense of guilt. In order to establish this connection, Freud discusses ambivalenceRead MoreA Comparative Analysis of Shamanistic healers in Celtic and Native American Cultures1112 Words   |  5 PagesCeltics have always held a certain mystique that is worthy of great exploration. From animal spirit guides that aide in healing to the shamans that are often the â€Å"go-to† men of the Native American and Celtic communities , the shamanistic tradition of medicine is one that has been admired and practiced by many that do not share the same ethnicity as theses traditional healers. Although the use of animal spirit guides is often ridiculed, as are the sacred spiritual journeys and conversations that theseRead MoreAn Analysis Of Dominic Pettman s The World Of The Planet We Live1163 Words   |  5 Pagesit’s a human or an animal, have a significance behind where it comes from, where we get it from and what message it receives to another. In this case, to have a voice consist of what it’s used for and how it comes back to you in different reflections using sea and land animals and humans. To have a â€Å"voice† in the planet we live, it involves with imitation, body language, melancholy song with vocalization and similarities of the human species with the species of diverse animals and vice versa. DominicRead MoreWho s Really Control - Is Your Mind A Runaway Train? Essay1237 Words   |  5 Pagesto run and play in; a wise guide, power/totem animal or angel can come and guide you, clear and recharge your energy body, a Master Healer to come and send powerful Reiki and Energy healing to your body or giving you a Healing Massage. BE OPEN: Be open to what may show up for you. Your Sacred Garden is a mystical and magical place where wonderful things can happen. GIVE GRATITUDE: End your session with gratitude for your Sacred Garden and all the plants, animals, guides, angels, etc. that showedRead MoreUnderstanding The Formation, Transmission, And Transformation Of Cultural Meaning Within Societies Essay1692 Words   |  7 Pagesthe resources† and allowed their society to be both politically and economically stable, they were able to form complex clan structures and long lasting alliances (RRCAP 1.4 1996: 55). Cultural artifacts within the society range from elaborate animal totems that recounts and traces clan geologies and relations, to extensive oral traditions and ceremonies that recount historical exploits as well as laws and protocols that ensures cohesiveness within their confederacy of clans (RRCAP 1.4 1996: 56).Read MoreCharacteristics of African Religion1769 Words   |  8 Pagesarrival of the first missionaries in Natal. The name Modimo is today commonly used for god. In the traditional religious orientation of the Batswana , Madimo was never conceived as a person. Madimo was known as the beginning and the cause of human, animal and even world existence, but not as a human being and even less as a father. A Realm Of Spirits: There are Three categories in this feature: Ancestoral spirits : Nature Spirits Read MoreThe Massain and the Nuer Peoples of Africa1705 Words   |  7 Pagescattle. In fact, Tepilit states that his father even made the following comment when he neglected to properly watch over his father’s herd one day: â€Å"Woman, do not feed that dog, and tell him to stop the daybreak! He does not deserve the food of my animals if he cannot bring them all home safely† (Saitoti 19). Even though these appear to be harsh words, because the Maasai rely primarily on pastoralism, neglecting to properly attend to a herd is a serious offense. With respect to the Nuer, â€Å"Cattle areRead MoreThe Drum Beater By Karoo Ashevak1933 Words   |  8 Pagesis the belief in animism. Animism is the â€Å"belief that all plants, animals, and objects have spirits† (Merriam-Webster Dictionary). The Inuit’s were firm believers in the importance of spirits. This is the reason why Inuit’s not only had great respect for animals, but especially for the one’s they hunted (The Inuit, 25). As a result, they were especially careful with the animals they hunted, because they believed that the animals gave themselves up for the better of the community. Their belief inRead MoreAborigines in Australia Essays2829 Words   |  12 Pagespractically depending on wild animals and plants for food, only equipped with the basic paraphernalia of graving tools, spear, boomerang, wooden shield, grindstones, among others, moving from one area to another in search for game food which made them semi-nomadic people. Comprising of some 500 tribes, their culture are linked by totemism, or affinity to an animal, plant or cosmical phenomena, with several tribes belonging to one totem but may have varied languages (Reidlinger

Identification And Description Of Authentication...

GAI is a financial institute located in Canada, the United States, and Mexico. It is specialized in financial management, loan application approval, wholesale loan processing, and investment of money for their customers. The GAI employs over 1,600 employees and has been growing consistently for nearly six years because, its management strategy has been built on scaling operational performance through automation and technological innovation. However, the GIA has experienced several cyber-attacks from outsiders over the past a few years ago. This attack has conducted the loss of its confidentiality, integrity, and availability for several days, the loss of its reputations, and mostly the loss of its customer data confidentiality. To secure the GAI’s network system, a lot of issues have to be addressed. This paper will cover the identification and description of authentication technology and network security issues, list all access points, it will design a secure authentication t echnology and network security, list all known vulnerabilities, address concern over the mobile security and design a secure mobile computing, identify wireless vulnerabilities and recommend what safeguards, and finally, design a cloud computing environment for GAI. Because GAI is a financial institution, to secure its facility, a top secret clearance have to be required for everyone who enter its network or facility. GAI’s Computer Security manager (CSM) have for duties to monitor all activity withinShow MoreRelatedIpv6 And The Current Version Of Internet Protocol1229 Words   |  5 Pages â€Æ' Table of Contents Abstract 2 Introduction 3 Description 4 Abstract With the rapidly approaching global shortage of IPv4 addresses, the current version of Internet Protocol is slowly getting into its limitation of address space and its insufficient security features. IPv6 is the next generation of IP addressing. Used on the internet and on many LANs and WANs that is designed to meet the shortage of IPv4. When IPv4 (a 32-bit system) can have approximately 4 billion totalRead MoreHow Technology Has Brought Internet1392 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment of technology has brought Internet to become the mass communication media between people or companies. Through Internet, people can communicate with other people in various places. Companies can get many advantages by using Internet network to support their business. Therefore, companies are trying as hard as they can, and give high effort in protecting their network from attack and make sure that they have the best network security. Most people think that the threat of security attack isRead MoreInternal Network Security1451 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment of technology has brought Internet to become the mass communication media between people or companies. Through Internet, people can communicate with other people in various places. Companies can get many advantages by using Internet network to support their business. Therefore, companies are trying as hard as they can, and give high effort in protecting their network from attack and make sure that they have the best network security. Most people think that the threat of security attack isRead MoreInternal Network Security1463 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment of technology has brought Internet to become the mass communication media between people or companies. Through Internet, people can communicate with other people in various places. Companies can get many advantages by using Internet network to support their business. Therefore, companies are trying as hard as they can, and give high effort in protecting their network from attack and make sure that they have the best network security. Most people think that the threat of security attack isRead MoreDesign Proposal Summary956 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction to WAN Technologies Professor: Cook Date: Design Proposal Summary The network team is proposing that access control lists (ACLs) be installed on routers at the Cleveland office. Security policies and procedures have also been considered in order to handle and maintain the ACLs. Access controls are a sequence of instructions that a router will refer to before either allowing a packet into or out of an interface. This is done by making sure that there are security features in placeRead MoreLiterature Review On Security Of Internet Of Things1519 Words   |  7 PagesLiterature Review on security of Internet of Things Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, College of Engineering, Pune, India Abstract The concept of the internet of things is that every physical of object in the real world has a virtual component on the internet that can produce and consume services .Such super connected objects would be of great convivences but they would require novel approaches to ensure security and ethical uses. While internet of things is more thanRead MoreDocument Appropriate User Administration ( Topaz )992 Words   |  4 Pagesauthorize access to the Topaz Network as well as to authenticate user rights to Topaz and client’s network systems and environment. Topaz protects confidential and other sensitive information from theft, unauthorized use, damage or destruction by limiting access to authorized personnel. Accessing protected information is logged and reviewed by managers and supervisors as needed. User ID and password combinations are required to authenticate users into the Topaz network. Authorization to accessRead MoreDesign And Implementation Of A Defense Security Perimeter System1441 Words   |  6 PagesDesign and Implementation of a Defense Security Perimeter System Network security is becoming an increasingly important concern for small and midsize companies. A breach in internal or external security can severely damage a company’s most important operations, hampering productivity, compromising data integrity, reducing customer confidence, disrupting revenue flow, and bringing communications to a halt. This paper examines some of the new security challenges that confront small and midsize businessesRead MoreA Report On Suntrust Bank1671 Words   |  7 Pagesorchestrated by the hacktivist group Izz ad-Din al-Qassam (Kitten, 2012). SunTrust plc. is committed to helping their customers to up their online transactions secure and safe. Despite the various security measures, features and procedures implemented by SunTrust to secure their network and server from cyber-attacks as well as to help protect consumers from scammers and unauthorized access to their accounts, yet, they become a victim of the hacktivist group Izz ad-Din al-Qassam who insistRead MoreSecure Atms by Image Processing2357 Words   |  10 PagesSECURE ATM BY IMAGE PROCESSINg ABSTRACT This paper encloses the information regarding the ‘IMAGE PROCESSING’. And discussed one of the major application of image processing ‘BIOMETRICS’. Biometrics technology allows determination and verification of ones identity through physical characteristics. To put it simply, it turns your body in to your password. We discussed various biometric techniques like finger scan, retina scan, facial scan, hand scan etc. Two algorithms have been proposed by taking

Cholecystits/Cholelithiasis Free Essays

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Medical Diagnosis: Cholecystitis/Cholelithiasis Nursing Diagnosis: Activity intolerance r/t laparoscopic abdominal incisions AEB SOB during ambulation, increased respirations at 38, O2 sat 80% room air after walking 50 ft. Normal Physiology: The gallbladder is situated inferior to the liver. The gallbladder is a structure that functions as a storage space for bile that is produced in the liver. We will write a custom essay sample on Cholecystits/Cholelithiasis or any similar topic only for you Order Now The liver produces and secretes bile into the gallbladder from the right and left hepatic duct join together to become the common hepatic duct then into the gallbladder via the cystic duct. During the digestion of fatty food, the gallbladder releases bile that passes through the common bile duct and into the duodenum through the Sphincter of Oddi to break down fat into fatty acids to be absorbed by the small intestine to be used as energy and storage of energy for metabolic needs of the body. Pathophysiology: Cholecystitis, and inflammation of the gallbladder, is a condition which can be caused by cholelithiasis, the formation of gallstones. Most stones are formed of cholesterol. Excess cholesterol in bile is associated with obesity, high cholesterol diet and drugs that are prescribed to lower cholesterol levels. The excess saturation of cholesterol can lead to the formation of stones. This client had an elevated LDL and low HDL levels that do state the client had excess cholesterol. Biliary stasis, which is slow emptying of the gallbladder, can also cause the formation of stones. An inflammation of the gallbladder allows for excess water and bile salt reabsorption which call also lead to the formation of stones. This client did have wall thickening and distention of the gallbladder that indicates a inflammation of the gallbladder over a period of time. This is the second time the client came to the ER with pain in a 6 week period. Potential Complications: If a gallstone migrates out of the gallbladder into the ducts, it can lead to cholangitis which is an inflammation of the duct. Obstruction of the common bile duct may cause bile reflux into the liver causing pain, jaundice, and liver damage. The clients ALT, liver function test was elevated indicating liver disease process and in this clients case it is due to the back-up of bile into the liver from obstruction in the common bile duct. The client can also have pancreatitis due to the inability of the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes through the pancreatic duct. The client had mild pancreatitis confirmed by CT scan. Complications of the cholecystitis/cholelithiasis can lead to a collection of infected fluid within the gallbladder, gangrene, and perforation resulting in peritonitis or abscess formation. A fistula into adjacent organs can for such as in the duodenum the colon or stomach. During the laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the client’s gallbladder was noted with gangrene but no perforation, peritonitis, fistula or abscess formation was noted. If this condition goes untreated, death can result from hemorrhage, peritonitis, hypovolemic shock, septicemia and septic shock. The client did not die because treatment and surgery was performed. Nursing Interventions Rationales: Independent: 1. Ambulate with client 1:1 assist. The client should not ambulate alone. The client is at risk for falls for injury to do her activity intolerance for SOB and decreased O2 sats. This will ensure the client does not fall and if she does become weak or unstable it will reduce the injury. . Place the client in semi-fowler during resting time in bed. This will decrease orthopnea and help the client breath better by decreasing pressure on the diaphragm allowing for better expansion of the lungs. 3. Monitor respiratory status and auscultate lung sound every 4 hours. This will help assess interventions and any changes needed for their respiratory status. Dependent: 4. Monitor and assess clients client’s O2 sat level and administer O2 at 2L NC per physician’s orders. The clients O2 Sat had been at 80% room air nd after activity with O2. This will help monitor client needs and evaluate the need for any changes this client may need for a decrease or increase in O2 delivery. 5. Administer morphine sulfate 1-5 mg IV push prn q2h over 2 minutes. Administering pain meds can help decrease pain associated with the client needing to cough and deep breath and will help the client ambulate. Although the client has not indicated much pain, giving prior to activity will help the client tolerate ambulation, cough and deep breath and spirometer. 6. Administer Cefoxitin 1 gm in 100mg/NaCl 0. 9% over 1 hr q8h per physician’s orders. The administration of antibiotics will reduce the client risk for peritonitis from gangrene of the gallbladder and risk of infection form the surgery. This will also help with healing of the clients mild pancreatitis noted on CT scan Interdependent: 7. Collaborate with dietician to meet with the client regarding diet. In a client with the removal of the gallbladder, the client needs to be educated on the types of food to avoid after surgery. This will help identify what types of foods the client can continue to enjoy and those that will facilitate abdominal problems post cholecystectomy. Ensuring the family is also involved when the dietician is present will help increase the likelihood of adhering to a new diet holding the client accountable for food choices. 8. Collaborate with respiratory therapy to assess the need for respiratory assistance such as the need for nebulizer treatment or the need for portable O2 for ambulatory purposes. The client’s O2 quickly drops after taking D/C of O2. 9. Collaborate with occupational therapy to assess the ability for the client to go home. The client is an elderly lady and may need to be evaluated prior to discharge to assess ADL’s since she lives on her own. This will ensure the client can safely return home or may need to be transferred to rehab prior to going home and educate the client on throw rugs, shower use and other in home dangers that elderly clients are at risk for. Client Teaching: Instruct the client on the need to cough and deep breath and spirometry. The client has had SOB post op and decreased O2 saturation. The client has atelectasis in her right upper lobe with diminished lung sounds throughout with decreased expiratory effort. I educated the client on coughing and deep breathing every hour x10 and how to use the pillow for splinting her abdomen due to abdominal pain post operatively. Client understood and demonstrated this very well and prior to end of shift I assessed the client and had her demonstrate what I had taught her prior to leaving and she performed properly and also stated she had been doing it every hour as instructed. Textbook Signs Symptoms . Pain, abrupt onset, severe and steady 2. Pain radiate to the back, right scapula and shoulder lasting from 12-18 hours 3. Nausea, vomiting and anorexia 4. Chills and fever 5. Abdominal guarding Risk Factors 1. Female over age of 65 2. Family history 3. Native American; northern European heritage 4. Obesity 5. Hyperlipidemia 6. Use of oral contraceptives 7. Biliary stasis: pregnancy, fasting or prolonged parenteral nutrition 8. Dise ases or condition: DM; cirrhosis; ileal disease or resection; sickle cell anemiaReferences: Domino, F. n. d. ). 5-minute clinical consult Powered by Skyscape (Ipod). Lippincott, WIlliams Wilkins. LeMone, P. , Burke, K. , Bauldoff, G. (2011). Medical-surgical nursing care critical thinking in patient care (5th ed. ed. ). Upper Sadle River, NJ: Pearson Education. Martini, F. H. , Neth, J. L. (2009). Fundamentals of anatomy and physiology (Eight ed. ). San Fransisco: Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Pagana, K. , Pagana, T. (2009). Mosby’s diagnostic and laboratory test reference (Ninth ed. ). St. Louis, Missouri, United States: Mosby Elsevier. How to cite Cholecystits/Cholelithiasis, Papers

Competition and Entrepreneurship Theory - Process - and Practice

Question: Discuss about the Competition and Entrepreneurship for Theory, Process, and Practice. Answer: Introduction Entrepreneurship refers to the set of skills by which entrepreneurs design, launch and run a new business. Such kind of business usually initiates as a start-up organisation that offer a particular product or a company. Entrepreneurship involves a number of skills in order to establish the business. The present report is based on the principles of entrepreneurship as applied to opening a fast food restaurant chain in Dubai. The report outlines the market summary for the venture, the strategies and implementation summary of the business, financial plan and management summary. The discussion concludes logically by summarising the key points from the report. Fast food restaurant chains have a prosperous opportunity to expand its business in Dubai, giving entrepreneurs the open their start-up businesses. Fast food is expected to witness sales soar in the upcoming years. Entrepreneurs must appeal to the fast changing food choices of the population of Dubai as well as the tourists visiting the place. This would lead to an appeal to the consumers coming from the most income groups in the country (Begum, 2015). The fast food restaurant sector is about to get a dynamic growth in the upcoming years as reported by Smith (2016). As per the author, fast foods when sold at inexpensive rates appeal to all individuals who have a tight budget. Moreover, the population of UAE is keen on taking up a healthy diet while consuming fast food. Entrepreneurs, therefore, have the need of focusing on using organic ingredients in order to reach out to the target consumers. The number of tourists visiting the country is in millions. This implies that fast food ch ains get benefits to a great extent from the customer influx. These tourists are familiar with the fast food options available in Dubai due to the marketing campaigns on a global level. As a result of these global marketing strategies, the fast food options available in the country have succeeded in reaching out to the larger section of the population. As per the expectations of the population, the fast food industry needs to evolve itself and expand to cater the rising needs of the people (Al Qaydi, 2016). Strategy and implementation summary of the start-up business In order to start-up business, there is a requirement of suitable entrepreneurial skills. The prime skills that are required for starting up a business are leadership skills. The businesses that are successful need strong leaders who can attain the goals of the business. Entrepreneurs who have good leadership skills can motivate the team to meet the objectives of the company and bring profits. Strategic business planning skills are the second most important skills that one must possess for starting up a business. Developing a strong business plan and undertaking a robust strategic auditing are the key aspects in this field. Application of strategy in the business helps in attaining progress (Kuratko, 2016). Marketing skills are the next kind of skills warranted for successful entrepreneurship as marketing is at the core of any business. Marketing has been said to be a key skill to understand the requirement of the consumers and catering them. Proper marketing produces more profits an d generates more revenues. Skills regarding sales help in building customer relationships. Communication skills are vital in entrepreneurship as communicating effectively is the needs of all businesses. Communication with the concerned stakeholders makes the base of the business more strong and impactful. Appropriate use of verbal and nonverbal cues, in the correct context, help in establishing the proper connection with people (Drucker, 2014). Kirzner (2015) suggest that one must have the ability to raise and manage money. An entrepreneur may suffer setbacks and failures; one must, therefore, have the ability to relieve stress and remain positive. Kuratko (2016) opines that entrepreneurs care faced with challenges in the ultra-competitive world that need to be solved with the available resources in the contemporary times. The most important challenges that crop up in the way of a successful entrepreneurship career are cash flow management, hiring of employees, time management, a delegation of tasks, marketing strategy, business growth, capital, strapped budget and self-doubt. Issues regarding cash flow crop up when there is a delayed invoicing. Adequate budgeting together with planning can help in maintaining cash flow. The key to hire suitable employees is to be exclusive and recruit employees by real references. Time management is a key issue faced by most of the entrepreneurs who must create goal list with specific allotted times for each task in order to maintain a suitable balance between time and task. Delegating tasks is another key concern as individuals find it difficult to assign the appropriate task at the appropria te place. Good employees would help in outsourcing the tasks and specifying the tasks that are to be carried out. One needs to be ultra-specific about what is to be done. One must be adept at making effective marketing plans and planning the budget accordingly. Arranging for capital is a concern that can be solved by multiple methods. The best means is, however, the self-fueled growth model that enables one to fund own business ventures. Prioritising the marketing efforts is critical for combating a strapped budget. There is a need to focus on the continuous creation of new processes focusing on delegation of tasks. Having a strong support system helps in building self-confidence and eliminates self-doubt. Financial plan A number of factors are to be considered while starting a restaurant in Dubai, such as demographics, location, and finances. The unique factors direct the marketing plan, thereby forming the basis of the financial projections. 3,000,000 AED would be the start up fund required to establish the fast food restaurant. The start-up expenses to fund would be 250,000 AED while the start-up assets to fund would be 200,000 AED. Non-cash assets from start-up would be 110000 AED and the cash requirements from the start up would be 20000 AED. Management summary Irrespective of the purpose and background of setting up a business, operating successfully within any entity is not possible without careful management. Entrepreneurs face difficult times in managing the business within the boundaries a typical business has. Entrepreneurship management implies the practice of applying knowledge of entrepreneurship for increasing the effectiveness on the business venture. The risks involved in business are an economic risk, people risk, market risk, strategic risk, technical risk, and personal risk. When left unmanaged, these risks minimise the profitability of the business. All these concerns are to be solved while running a business effectively. There is a need to have knowledge of all aspects of the business, including tax laws, employment laws, labour market, and market trends (Zucchella Magnani, 2016). Uncertainty is to be embraced and accepted. The basic principles of risk management are to be abided by. Pursuing opportunities when others do n ot is the key to walk in a new direction. A lack of suitable resources must not limit the vision to run the business without any hindrance. One must perceive working with others as a good training ground (Manso, 2016). Conclusion From the above analysis, it can be concluded that entrepreneurship requires a set of key skills in order to manage the business. The market of setting up a fast food restaurant chain in Dubai is promising. A suitable mix of leadership and management skills would lead to the success of the start-up business. Challenges faced by entrepreneurs are to be overcome to achieve new heights and fulfill the objectives of the business. References Al Qaydi, S. (2016). The Status and Prospects for Agriculture in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and their Potential to Contribute to Food Security.Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences,12, 155-163. Begum, V. (2015). UAE Consumer Rejoinder Towards Mc Donald's Sales Promotional Strategy in Dubai.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,211, 61-68. Drucker, P. (2014).Innovation and entrepreneurship. Routledge. Kirzner, I. M. (2015).Competition and entrepreneurship. University of Chicago press. Kuratko, D. F. (2016).Entrepreneurship: Theory, process, and practice. Cengage Learning. Manso, G. (2016). Experimentation and the Returns to Entrepreneurship.Review of Financial Studies, hhw019. Smith, A. F. (2016).Fast Food: The Good, the Bad and the Hungry. Reaktion Books. Zucchella, A., Magnani, G. (2016).International entrepreneurship: theoretical foundations and practices. Springer.

Overpopulation Essays (1380 words) - Demography, Population

Overpopulation Overpopulation ?The battle to feed all of humanity is over. In the 1970's the world will undergo famines-hundreds of millions of people are going to starve to death in spite of any crash programs embarked upon now. At this late date nothing can prevent a substantial increase in the world death rate, although many lives could be saved through dramatic programs to ?stretch?the carrying capacity of the earth by increasing food production. But these programs will only provide a stay of execution unless they are accompanied by determined and successful efforts at population control.? These words, from Dr. Paul R. Ehrlich's book The Population Bomb, predicted a grim future for the world of 1968 when the book was published. Today, the debate rages on about how much life our planet can hold. With world population estimates currently around 5.5 billion, and a projected population of over 10 billion by 2100, the question of resource scarcity is raised. Will there be enough resources to support the exploding population of our planet? Also, is it true that population growth is necessary for economic prosperity, or is it responsible for problems such as hunger and poverty? One of the first things that need to be considered in the population debate is the issue of ?carrying capacity.? Many different people define carrying capacity in many different ways, and in this lies a major problem. Basic ecology textbooks define carrying capacity as the number of individuals in a population that the resources of a particular habitat can support. Others define it as the point at which the birth rate is equal to the death rate, while still others define is as the average size of a population that is neither increasing or decreasing. Each different definition of carrying capacity has different arguments for the earth being above or below its carrying capacity, or of having infinite carrying capacity. Also, many other factors must be considered when estimating the earth's capacity by any of the above definitions. For instance, one must consider the level of prosperity of the people, the technology available, and the distribution of available wealth. Under certain conditions, the world might not easily hold even 1 billion people, while under other conditions a number as high as 20 billion is possible. Another factor in overpopulation that must be considered is that of life expectancy. According to United Nations estimates, the life expectancy in developed nations in the 1950's was approximately 66.0 years, while third world nations enjoyed a life expectancy of 40.7 years. Due to substantial declines in infant mortality, the average life expectancy in developed nations was 74.0 years and 64.7 years in developing countries. However, although the majority of this increase is due to decreases in infant mortality, jumps with this large of an increase cannot be entirely explained by that alone. New developments in medicine and technology have increased life spans across the board. Even more promising, and perhaps alarming, is the fact that predicted ?upper limits?of human life expectancy have regularly been surpassed, and increases in life expectancy even appear to be accelerating. These average life expectancy increases, if they continue, will allow the world population to skyrocket at an even faster rate. Finally, and perhaps the most important issue that must be discussed in the debate on overpopulation is the issue of resource scarcity. So called ?experts?love to enter the debate and make doomsday predictions that the world will run out of food, or oil, much like Dr. Paul Ehrlich did in his book, The Population Bomb. However, these predictions never seem to come true. Julian Simon, an economist, has an idea about natural resources which has sparked mountains of debate from both camps in the overpopulation discussion. Simon asserts that all natural resources are infinite. While this claim may seem audacious at first, it becomes clearer exactly what he means when studied. His point is definitely not that there are an infinite number of gold or copper atoms in the earth. The mass of the earth is finite, and current scientific studies imply that even the mass of the universe is finite. Simon is saying that resources are indefinite in the sense that we will never run out of them for whatever we decide to use

Uncommon Clay essays

Uncommon Clay essays Uncommon Clay was devised and directed by Jeanine Thompson. I saw the 8:00 PM at the Thuber Theatre. This play purpose was to relate to others the hardships and ordeals that Camille Claudel had dealt with from her child hood all the way up to her containment in a psychiatric asylum. As the play opens, an old woman who is Camille in her old age, which is referred to as the Current Camille, greets us. She begins to tell a story beginning when she was at the age of 17 and moving right up to where she is admitted into an insane asylum. Along the way Camille reveals to the audience; the happiness, hardships, betrayal, and emptiness that she goes through during her life. In this play, there are many artistic influences presented. Three that stood out were from Antonin Artaud, The Bread and Puppet Theatre, and Bertolt Brecht. Artuads purpose was to create a theatre that shared and involved the audiences reactions and emotions. This is shown during Camilles struggle with her love affair with Rodin and how it transforms into a bitter illusion of betrayal and insanity. Artaud wanted to connect mind, body, and spirit. Jeanine Thompson is doing just that with Camilles sculptors. Her mind creates these sculptors, which evokes a spirit. Bread and Puppet Theatre is seen with Camilles loss of spirit. She displays this when she destroys most of her work. Her hands into the sculptures transformed her spirit. She was so afraid of her art being stolen or commercialized she had lost her spirit. Her sculptures had life and movement in them, which displays the Puppet part of this theatre. Had her art told a story by the way she positioned the body parts, such as the seen where she keeps going behind Rodin's back and adjusting the model. She wants the model a certain way with her arms in to relate a feeling of tension, which is part of the conventions of the Bread and Puppet Theatre. Finally see a lot of B...

Domestic terrorism and international terrorism Essay

Domestic terrorism and international terrorism - Essay Example These are their major source of finance to their activities. Internet has enhanced the occurrence of domestic terrorism, the internet has become a source of information enhancing the occurrence of identity theft which is used by terrorist group to engage in their criminal activities, information collected include individuals information, bank credit information and credit card information. The internet has also been used to lure innocent citizens into frauds where individuals are asked to pay for certain services or goods and as a result they are fraud off their money. The intervention which includes monitoring activities in the web by the authorities will be an effective way to counter terrorism. However this may result into leaking of organisations information that may lead to losses by these organisations. When there exists a monitoring device in the internet then there will be leaking of company information to its competitors or even to speculators which may lead to loss of funds. Therefore the best way to strike a balance is to monitor only suspicious information on the web mostly from regions that are suspected to have terrorist groups, there exist such monitoring systems but they were banned by the US government but the best would be to install a system that tracks conversations that include key words used by the terrorist groups. Organisational information therefore should not be monitored to avoid financial losses as a result of information leak. Therefore the federal should be empowered to monitor information regarding suspicious groups and not for the organisations. Funding of domestic terrorism Terrorist groups will involve themselves in criminal activities to fund their operations, they have an advantage in involving in criminal activity in that they gain finances and at the same time they endanger the societies that they target through these activities. The other reason is that the criminal activities the terrorist involve in are hard for the judicial system to solve and prove. Some of the criminal activities that terrorist will engage in include: Drug trafficking: Drug trafficking is an activity that the terrorist involve in order to finance their activities, initially the terrorist groups were funded by the soviet union but after its collapse drug trafficking become a major source of finance. Identity theft: Identity theft is one of the most recent means in which terrorist use to finance their activities, this has emerged with the emergence of the internet and computer software which have made it easier to retrieve peoples information, and this has enabled the terrorist to steal people's identity which have resulted to financial scams which provide finances to the terrorist groups. Cigarette smuggling This is also a means by which terrorist groups will use in gaining finances, cigarettes are smuggled from low tax regions to regions whereby individuals will buy large quantities of cigarettes

Computer abuse is subject to taking advantage of electronic media to Assignment

Computer abuse is subject to taking advantage of electronic media to gain information and use it against the third party - Assignment Example INTRODUCTION Computer abuse is subject to taking advantage of electronic media to gain information and use it against the third party. The evolving technologies such as the expert use of smart phones, tablets, laptops, home computers have added the threat of new crimes every day. The criminal activities are encompassed by excessive use of technology and computer abuse, which have resulted in major social, cultural, and financial losses over the last two decades. The new dimension of criminal activities involves expert use of technology that is intelligent and technical that it can be even misread by the law enforcement agencies. For instance, a property crime on a larger scale involves fraud against the property of people without involving any physical contact with the people (Denning, 2004). The prevention of such crimes is essential for the future of advance technology and criminal investigations undertaken by trained computer experts or forensic individuals. The advancement of tec hnology and awareness of computer abuse possess a serious threat for not only to individual but also to the nation’s security in terms of legislative and financial crimes preceded by computer frauds and abuse. It has also resulted in crash of financial markets, the great depressions periods and various money laundering cases, which is a threat for not only the national security but also preceded under anti-terrorism globally. The last three decades have given rise to various hacker groups around the globe who had attacked and invaded the financial market as well as the highly sensitive data regarding the national security. For instance in recent years, the wake of wiki leaks is a big example of computer abuse. It has resulted in releasing secret sensitive information and publishing documents that possess a serious national and financial threat globally (National White Collar Crime Centre, 2002). The emerging threats from excessive computer abuse have raised the scope of feder al and local legislation in regards to larger crimes. The legislations and penalties are in place to combat the computer abuse and punish the offenders for misuse of information and data (Denning, 2004). DISCUSSION Computer Crimes and Abuse Computer crimes are defined as criminal activities committed in a technological environment in order to cause damage or derive economic gains from other others (U.S. Department of Justice, 2001). According to the adaption of Cohen Felson’s Routine Activities theory, a crime is determine due to the availability of a suitable target, lack of backing from any guardian and a serious motive by the offender. It was also stimulated that usage of computer adversely can result in invading the sensitive information and using it for criminal purposes (Gordon et al, 2003). It is also confided in law that intentionally or without permission, accessing the computer services or any device can result in committing a criminal offence (National Security Ins titute, 2004). The traditional crimes such as fraud, theft and organised criminal rings are now

A Brief History of Environmental Movements Assignment

A Brief History of Environmental Movements - Assignment Example Climate change was experienced way back during colonial period. Destructive human activities practiced long ago, has continued to the contemporary times. People nowadays continue to practice Deforestation, poor fishing methods, water pollution and has lead to adverse climate change. There is shortage of food, reduction in aquatic and wild life species as well as depletion of soil formation. It has however come to be felt throughout the world by its effects and that is why environmental movements are continuously formed worldwide to address the situation. Women environmental heroes and die hards like Amrita Devi who formed a strong revolution to protect the trees. She was just a woman with an unbelievable passion and courage that not even many men could possess. She fought through pain and blood just to protect the trees which they believed was sacred. The group encircled the trees and was killed in huge numbers one after the other before the government intervened. After the brutality, three hundred and sixty two lives were lost inclusive of the matriarch. This was a phenomenon effort to protect the environment. Industrial revolution was a major transition of events which brought about the modern agriculture farming, infrastructure, technology, modern heath care, commerce and civilization. This revolution however came with a lot of demerits. Some of the problems included water and land pollution from the steamship, slavery, nuclear radiation as well as pollution of the air due to the smoke. Industrialization is the mother of modernization across the world. It brought about machinery, chemicals like pesticides as well as insecticides. These chemicals have greatly affected human and animal life through the food chain. Numerous heath complications have been brought about by the consumption of chemically processed foods. Climate change is a major issue throughout the globe. It is caused by

Helical CT Scan in Comparison to MRI Scans

Helical CT Scan in Comparison to MRI Scans Introduction Helical CT is also known as spiral CT; the two terms are interchangeable (Kalender, 1994). Both MRI and helical CT have been introduced into clinical practice ahead of any evidence for cost-effective improvement in clinical care. Both technologies are still evolving. For instance vascular 3D imaging is a newly expanding indication within CT. Although helical CT is replacing conventional CT the question arises as to whether it will replace MRI. 1) Equipment Helical CT began in the 1990’s. It is a fast technique; data is collected continuously at less than one second for a 10 mm slice. It is called helical because the patient moves continuously though the machine whilst the X-ray tube rotates around them. Slip ring technology enables the scanner, mounted on a gantry, to continue rotating in the same direction around the patient yet still maintain its power supply and x-Ray capability. Because it is so quick breathing does not affect the quality of the final image and it is an excellent way to view the lungs and liver. Because of the continuous rotation helical CT enables patient translation and the acquisition of data to take place at the same time. Helical CT requires completely different equipment to convention CT necessitating the replacement of the entire unit not just an upgrade. A multislice CT scanner is along the same principle as a helical scanner but is even faster still and contains more detection elements. Although the actual data acquisition is so much faster with multislice the time required to process the image is lengthy (so patient through put will be no faster). The amount of data storage space required for multislice images is incredibly vast and may overload the capability of the existing PACS system within the hospital. The equipment for MRI consists of a large, heavy magnet which creates the magnetic field. Magnetic shielding of the room is necessary together with stringent safety precautions to avoid accidents for instance with flying metal objects within the room. The scanning tube where the patient must lie is relatively enclosed and this can create problems with claustrophobia. The equipment is also very noisy which may unnerve the patient. MRI requires more extensive software for viewing the images than does CT. Some MRI machinery is more open permitting greater patient access even to the extent of allowing simultaneous surgery (Gould and Darzi, 1997). 2) Techniques MRI involves the person being placed in a large magnet the magnetic field of which causes all the protons (the nuclei of hydrogen atoms) in the body to line up and oscillate at a certain frequency (precision frequency). Radiofrequency pulses are emitted from the machinery at the same frequency as the precision frequency causing the protons to come out of alignment for a brief time and subsequently realign emitting energy in the process. The radiofrequency of these emissions is specific to the type of issue (since it reflects the hydrogen content) and is then computed to form an image. Patient movement is a major problem with the MRI technique since data acquisition is quite slow and so it is not as good as helical CT for moving organs such as the lungs and liver. MRI scans are more expensive to produce that helical CT. The major advantages of MRI over helical CT are that MRI involves no x-Ray exposure and certain structures provide better images with MRI such as the brain and musculo skeletal system. MRI is definitely the best test for acoustic neuroma (Renowden and Anslow 1993). CT is better than MRI for imaging brain trauma and is better in the abdomen for the bowel (on account of it being a moving structure) whereas MRI is better in the pelvis. Helical CT is finding a place in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (Roy 2005). The disadvantages of CT are the x-Ray dose and the nephrotoxicity of some contrast agents. In 1993 the Royal College of Radiologist guidelines recommended MRI be used for investigations on the brain, musculoskeletal system, oncology and paediatrics, the 1995 version of the guidelines recommended back pain beyond six weeks be investigated by MRI. The Royal College of Radiologists document on oncology (1999) provides graded evidence based recommendation of which scanning modality to use according to tumour site. 3) Staff Staff training is necessary for both modalities of scanning. MRI staffing costs are higher than with CT. Because MRI scans are in such demand and scanning time long it is often necessary to run the machines in the evenings and at weekends (Moore Golding, 1992). Multislice CT can involve increased radiologist workload. 4) Patient Patients with metal implants or pacemakers or who are claustrophobic are unsuitable for MRI. Mechanical ventilation is a relative contraindication. Patients with acute major trauma including head injury are unlikely to be suitable for MRI because of the duration of scanning. The increased x-Ray dose to patients (and to the community) of the later generation CT scanners is of concern (National Radiological Protection Board, 1990). For this reason MRI is the preferred modality for children and fetuses (Duncan 1996). Patients requiring interventional procedures may be suitable for a CT fluoroscopy (Wagner 2001). 5) Quality of results MRI is preferred for the brain and spine (where it is of overriding advantage), orthopaedics and the pelvis. MRI produces very accurate images of soft tissues but imaging time is longer and artefacts are caused by patient movement. It is likely it has reduced the number of knee arthroscopies (Stoner, 1995) and it is anticipated to reduce the number of invasive radiological investigations such as angiograms. MRI may develop a clinical role as investigating the actual function of the brain in neuropsychiatry (Callicott and Weinberger1999). CT is preferable for bone. In brain trauma, subarachnoid haemorrhage and acute cerebrovascular disease MRI is not as good as CT. Spiral CT is used for the lungs and abdomen and pelvis. It is valuable in detecting small lesions. It is helpful in trauma patients since the procedure is so quick. Spiral CT does lose a bit of resolution as compared with conventional CT and so for structures that are not moving conventional CT or MRI has the advantage. 6) Cost Cost considerations include those of initial purchase (or lease) set up and also running costs. Assistance in the procurement process is available from the Diagnostic Medical Equipment team which is working closely with the Department of Health in the optimising of value for money in the replacement of all MRI and CT scanners that are pre-1997. A 16 multislice CT scanner costs approximately  £500 000 whereas an MRI scanner is more at  £800 000; running costs are also more with MRI (Frank, 2003). Bowens and Smith (writing in 1999) state the costs of an MRI scanner are from  £400 000 for a 0.5T and  £750 000 for a 1.5T. They state the service contracts are around  £50 000 per year and that to lease a machine costs about  £120 000 per year. MRI may be more expensive to install since the magnet is large and heavy. The site may be unsuitable with regard to load bearing or access. In any case expense will be incurred in magnetic shielding. MRI is a relatively expensive imaging modality. Fletcher (1999) has analysed costs of acquiring and operating MRI in the NHS over a seven-year machine lifespan. Its staffing, upgrade, maintenance and running costs are all high. The cost of an MRI scan varies from  £30 to  £180 (Bowens and Smith, 1999). In evaluating costs it is necessary to look at the whole picture. The running costs of isolated MRI machines will be higher than where machines are grouped together. Smaller MRI scanners just for joint scanning use may prove cost effective (Marti-Bonmati Kormano, 1997). If a more expensive scanning modality saves on the costs of surgery then overall there may be economic gain. For instance MRI may avoid knee joint surgery (Bui-Mansfield 1997). It is important to ensure that it is actually replacing other investigations or surgery and not just adding to them (Hailey Marshall, 1995). Overall the cost effectiveness will depend on how appropriately the imaging modality is used. Regarding CT the X- Ray tubes are expensive. A helical scanner is likely to need one x-Ray tube replacement per year (possibly more frequently in the case of a multislice scanner) and this will cost approximately  £30000-40000 (Conall and Hanlon, 2002). Berry (1999) performed a systematic review finding little clinical or economic impact of spiral CT. Conclusion Although there has been away from MRI to helical CT in some clinical situations units will need access to both types of scan. Cooperation between different units is important in order to provide a comprehensive service to the population. It is likely that some patients such as orthopaedic outpatients should move to another unit for the scan. Computerised reporting makes off site scanning realistically closer. Choice of scanning modality is likely to ultimately depend upon collaboration with local units to develop a hub and spoke approach to providing cost effective services which are also effective and convenient for patients. References Book Fishman EK Jeffrey RB Spiral CT. Principles, Techniques and Clinical Applications. 2nd edition. 1998 Philadelphia. Lippincourt Raven. Articles Berry E et al A systematic literature review of spiral and electron beam computed tomography: with particular reference to clinical applications in hepatic lesions, pulmonary embolus and coronary artery disease. Health Technology Assessment, 1999; 3(18) Bui-Mansfield LT et al Potential cost savings of MR imaging obtained before arthroscopy of the knee: evaluation of 50 consecutive patients. American Journal of Roentgenology 1997; 168: 913-18 Callicott JH and Weinberger DR Neuropsychiatric dynamics: the study of mental illness using functional magnetic resonance imaging. European Journal of Radiology, 1999: 30(2): 95-104 Conall JGarvey CJ and Hanlon R Computed tomography in clinical practice BMJ 2002;324:1077-1080 Fletcher J et al The cost of MRI: changes in costs 1989-1996. British Journal of Radiology 1999; 72(5): 432-437 Duncan KR. The development of magnetic resonance imaging in obstetrics. British Journal of Hospital Medicine, 1996; 55(4): 178-81 Frank J introduction to imaging Student BMJ 2003;11:393-436 Gould SW and Darzi A The interventional magnetic resonance unit the minimal access operating theatre of the future? British Journal of Radiology 1997; 70 (Special issue): S89-97 Kalender WA Spiral or helical CT; right or wrong?[letter] Radiology 1994; 193:583. Hailey D and Marshall D The place of magnetic resonance imaging in health care. Health Policy, 1995; 31: 43-52 Marti-Bonmati L Kormano M. MR equipment acquisition strategies: low-field or high-field scanners. European Radiology 1997; 7(Supplement 5): 263-68 Moore NR and Golding SJ Increasing patient throughput in magnetic resonance imaging: a practical approach. British Journal of Radiology, 1992; 470-75 26 National Radiological Protection Board. Patient dose reduction in diagnostic radiology. Didcot, 1990:1(3). Renowden SA and Anslow P. The effective use of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of acoustic neuromas. Clinical Radiology 1993; 48(1): 25-8 Roy P-M Colombet I and Durieux P et al Systematic review and meta-analysis of strategies for the diagnosis of suspected pulmonary embolism. BMJ2005;331:259 Royal College of Radiologists. A guide to the practical use of MRI in oncology. London RCR, 1999b Royal College of Radiologists. Making the best use of a department of clinical radiology: guidelines for doctors (2nd edition). London RCR, (3rd edition) 1993, (4th edition) 1998, (5th edition) 2003. Stoner DW. The knee. In: Seminars in Roentgenology 1995; 30: 277-93 Wagner LK. CT fluoroscopy: another advancement with additional challenges in radiation management. Radiology 2001; 216: 9-10 Reports Bowens A Smith I Magnetic resonance imaging: current provision and future demands. Nuffield Portfolio programme Report No3. Northern and Yorkshire RD Portfolio programme at the Nuffield Institute for Health. December 1999. Available at http://www.nuffield.leeds.ac.uk/downloads/portfolio/mri.pdf Royal College of radiologists Making the Best Use of a Department of Clinical Radiology Guidelines for Doctors. Fifth Edition 2003 BFCR(03)3 Making the Best Use of a Department of Clinical Radiology Guidelines for Doctors. Fifth Edition Websites British Association of MR Radiographers http://www.bamrr.net/ Department of Health www.dh.gov.uk Diagnostic Medical Equipment team http://www.pasa.doh.gov.uk/dme/radiology/mr.stm

Tourism Essay -- essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Currently, ecotourism is rapidly becoming one of the world’s largest industries. According to the World Trade Organization, 600 million people traveled to see â€Å"environmental areas† in 2000, spending more than 500 billion U.S. dollars. This makes ecotourism one of the world’s number one earners, ahead of automotive products, chemicals, petroleum, even food .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  But, what exactly is ecotourism? Ecotourism happens to be a special branch of tourism. The Conservation International defines it best saying it is â€Å"responsible travel that promotes the conservation of nature and sustains the well being of local people .†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There has been dramatic growth of participation in outdoor recreation and ecotourism activities. The bad impacts of ecotourism have led to high demands and this has attracted tourist developers looking to access the environment, â€Å"answering the tourist’s demands†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Unfortunately, there are very few rules or regulations regarding ecotourism and its development. And because of the lack of rules tourism developers are destroying the environment. This problem can not go unnoticed. We are running out of places to ruin, and we will soon not have any where to call home.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to Erlet Cater and Gwen Lowman,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The much needed rules and regulations must include good and environmentally   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  sensitive, infrastructure-including airports, transport and communications   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  networks, and sanitation and electricity supplies. But above all else,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  sustainable ecotourism requires careful planning †. Without this planning, ecotourism is doing more harm that good.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I will show how these tourist developers are putting huge strains on the environment and how the effects of this behavior will eventually leave the land with the inability to cope with the drastic changes. I believe with carefully planned ecotourism development and rules and regulations, we can make ecotourism and the environment blend simultaneously.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, the tourist developers are adding increased pressure to the limited natural resources, especially in places... ...ions to stop all this destructive behavior.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Letting this growing problem go unnoticed will lead to the environment’s crumbling. We have no other options when it comes to living on another planet, at least at the moment. We need to establish harsher rules and take better care of where we call home.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, now that I have explained what tourist developers are doing wrong and what they are doing to destroy our environment we can see that the effects of their behavior have been devastating. We are running out of places to ruin and resources to use up. Someone must step up and create rules so we can protect our environment instead of destroying the earth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bibliography Cater, Erlet, and Lowman, Gwen. Ecotourism-a sustainable option?. New York, 1994. Croall, J. (1995) Preserve or Destroy: Tourism and the Environment. London:Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation. â€Å"Ecotourism.† Online Posting. 2 February 2002. 27 January 2004. Theobald, William. Global Tourism: the next decade. Oxford, 1994. Worpole, K. (1999) Driving Forces. The Guardian, 8 June.